•Listen
and imitate
– Like
the Direct Method in which students listen to a teacher-provided model and
repeat or imitate it.
•Phonetic
training
– Use
of articulatory descriptions, articulatory diagrams, and a phonetic alphabet.
•Minimal
pair drills
– A
technique helping students distinguish between similar and problematic sounds
in the target language.
•Contextualized
minimal pairs (Bowen’s approach, 1972, 1975)
– Sentence
stem
– The blacksmith (a. hits b. heats) the horseshoe.
– Cued
student response
– a. with the hammer b. in the fire.
•Visual
aids
– Enhancement
of the teacher’s description of how sounds are produced by audiovisual
aids such as sound-color charts, Fidel wall charts, rods, pictures, mirrors,
props, realia, etc.