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Chapter 5 The Consonants of English

5.1 Articulation positions of consonants Positions

5.2 Manners of English consonant phonemes

5.3 Manners of Mandarin consonant phonemes

5.4 Stop Consonants 5.4.1 Aspiration Aspiration is a period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel. If you put a sheet of thin paper in front of your lips while saying “pie,” you can feel the burst of air that comes out during the period of voicelessness after the release of the stop. In a narrow transcription, aspiration may be indicated by a small raised h, [H]. Accordingly, these words may be transcribed as [ pHaI, tH aI, kH aI ]. You may not be able to feel the burst of air in “tie, kye” because these stop closures are made well inside the oral cavity.

5.4.2 Vowel onset and aspiration Try the following set of sounds and examine the VOT: tie style die    pie spy buy kite sky guy

"What may happen if /s" What may happen if /s/ is clustered with /t/, /k/, and /p/? Figure 3.1 shows that two things are to happen for any stop consonant before vowels. 1. If the stop consonant is voiceless, there will be a period of “aspiration” before the VOT (vowel onset time). 2. If the stop consonant is voiced, there will not be a period of “aspiration” before the VOT. 3. Figure 3.1 shows that the “aspiration” simply does not exist.

5.4.3 Identify the following terms Noise burst: Vowel onset: Closure:

5.4.4 the ending consonants

5.4.5 The length difference of vowels (How the ending consonants affect the vowel) 1. a. advocate b. action c. acknowledge 2. a. bead b. beak c. because 3. a. figment b. fixture c. fixation

5.4.6 The diacritic [|]: no audible release 1. advocate action [:Qk|Sn`] 2. “It’s a big day.”

5.4.7 The glottal [/] sound 1. [:/Ã/Ã] 2. rap, rat, rack 3. beaten, kitten, fatten

5.4.8 The nasal plosion 1. What is “homorganic”? 2. hidden [:hIdn`] 3. beaten, kitten, fatten [:fQ/n`]

5.4.9 The [R] sound 1. What is “lateral plosion”? 2. little [:lIRl`] 3. city [:sIRi]

5.5 Fricatives 1. What is “fricative”? 2. What’s the difference between “rice” & “rise”? 3. What is “obstruents”? Obstruents is referred to as a natural class of sounds consisting of stops, fricatives, and affricates.

5.6 Affricates What is “affricate”? An affricate is a sequence of stop followed by a homorganic fricative. 2. What are the affricates in English? 3. Are /ts/, /tP/ affricates? Why?

5.7 Nasals Compare the following sounds sin sing sink 2. Try to read Jack and me Jack and Kate

5.8 Approximants /hw/ and /w/ /j/j/