• skills for a manager(成功管理者具有的技能)-(Katz,1970s)

general skills(一般技能)-

1. conceptual competencies(觀念化能力)-
2. human competencies(人際關係能力)-
3. technical competencies(技術能力)-
4. political competencies(政治能力)-

           time management competencies(時間管理能力)

           decision-making competences (決策能力)

           sympathy *(慈悲)

specific skills(特殊技能)-

1. controlling the organization's environment and its resources(控制組織的環境及其資源)
2. organizing and coordinating(組織及協調)
3. handling information(處理資訊)
4. providing for growth and development(提供成長及發展)
5. motivating employees and handling conflicts(激勵員工及處理其衝突)
6. strategic problem solving(解決策略性問題)

• five core leadership capabilities adapted from the " Sloan Model" -MIT ocw - adapted from: distributed leadership workshop group Deborah Ancona, Tom Malone, Peter Senge, July 2001

Visioning-fostering individual and collective aspiration toward a shared vision.

Analyzing-sense-making and strategic planning in complex and conflictual settings.

Relating-building relationships and negociating change across multiple stakeholders.

Inventing-inventing new ways of working together social and technical systems.

Enabling-ensuring the tools and resources to implement and sustain the shared visions.