Chapter 13: Field Research
田野研究
��	Introduction
��	The Logic of Field Research
��	Choosing a Site and Gaining Access
��	Relations in The Field
��	Observing and Collecting Data
��	The Field Research Interview
��	Leaving the Field
��	Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research 

壹、導言

 一、適合田野研究的問題 Research Questions Appropriate for Field Research

��	Field research 田野研究 is the study of people in their natural settings, or in situ (on site).  觀察人們在自然情境中的日常生活
��	It is also the study of people by directly interacting with them. 
   研究者參與研究對象生活
��	Field research helps us to gain an understanding of various communities or subcultures and make theoretical statements about the perspectives of those who live there
在地的觀點

二、田野研究簡史 A Short History of Field Research

ƒÜ	Ethnography民族誌 comes from cultural anthropology. Ethno- means folk, and -graphy refers to describing something.
��	 Thick description 厚實的描述– used by ethnographers to describe in great detail all of the minute events and meanings of any situation and setting—is a critical part of ethnography.
��	Therefore, ethnography means “folk-study,” or the study of a group or culture to understand a way of life from the local or native point of view.
��	Ethnomethodology 民族誌 (俗民) 方法論
   is the study of commonsense knowledge by observing its creation and use in a ongoing interaction within its natural settings.
質化與量化的課題：社會科學的一個基本爭議
實證論者 (positivism) vs. 主觀論者 (subjectivism)建構論者 (social constructivism)
��	Ethnomethodology 俗民方法論 is a radical or extreme form of research, based on phenomenology and the social constructivist approach. 
��	It assumes that all meanings are fragile and fluid, not fixed, stable or solid, and are constantly being created and recreated.

貳、田野研究的邏輯

一、何謂田野研究  What Is Field Research?

��	Field Researchers observe ordinary events in natural settings.
��	They become directly involved in the daily life of the setting.
��	They acquire an insider’s point of view.
��	Field researchers use a variety of techniques in a flexible manner.
��	They develop extensive written notes on the setting they study.
��	Field researchers see events holistically.
��	They understand and develop empathy for members of the setting.
��	They notice both explicit (recognized) and tacit (implicit) aspects of setting.
��	They observe without upsetting or disrupting (except as noted).
��	They cope with stress, ambiguity, and uncertainty.

在田野研究參與觀察中，知識的獲得來自：
   1. 參與：研究者親自參與體驗研究對象的生活世界
   2.  觀察：注意並記錄對象的行為或社會情境中發生的現象
 
田野研究參與觀察的例子
Liebow (1967)：研究D.C.某個街角的黑人
William (1989)：研究紐約城內的毒販
Bourgois (1995)：參與觀察街坊的地下經濟活動、社會邊緣化、貧窮家庭如何求生

觀察者的角色：涉及兩個課題
  1. 觀察者改變觀察現象的程度：觀察者的進入是否影響研究對象及現象
  2. 對研究對象告知的程度：是否知道被觀察、告知多少研究目的

二、田野研究計畫的步驟 Steps in a Field Research Project

��	Prepare oneself by reading the literature and defocusing.
��	Select a site and gain access.
��	Enter the field and establish relationships in the setting.
��	Adopt a social role and learn the ropes of that role.
��	Watch, listen, and collect quality data.
��	Begin to analyze data and evaluate working hypotheses about the setting.
��	While focusing on specific aspects of setting, use theoretical sampling.
��	Conduct interviews with member informants.
��	Disengage and physically leave the setting.
��	Contemplate the analysis and write your report.

參、選擇一個研究場域進入

 一、選擇研究場域 Selecting a Site

��	The term “site” 場域  is used in the context in which events or activities occur; a socially defined territory with shifting boundaries.
��	Factors to consider include richness of data, unfamiliarity, and suitability of the site.
��	Sites may be open (such as public areas) or closed (private firms or clubs).
��	Gatekeepers 守門員 are people with formal or informal authority to control access.
��	Someone on a street corner, an administrator of a hospital, or an owner of a business might be a gatekeeper. In many sites, it is important to negotiate access by working with a gatekeeper.

二、進入場域的策略 Strategy for Entering
��	計畫
��	協商
��	揭露身份
Access Ladder (start at the bottom) 進入的階梯
6. View the most sensitive events or information.
5. Affect events to reveal the information within them.
4. When observing sensitive events, ask for clarification.
3. Passively observe the setting, and be sure to be nonthreatening.
2. As an outsider, gain public information.
1. Gain entry to the setting.

三、進入田野 Entering the Field

��	呈現自我
��	研究者作為研究工具
��	陌生的態度 attitude of strangeness

四、建立關係 Building Rapport

��	魅力與信任
��	出局者  freeze outs
��	瞭解
肆、田野中的關係

一、田野中的角色 Roles in the Field

��	現有的 vs. 創新的角色
��	選擇角色的限制
��	參與的層次
��	其他考量 
��	Preexisting roles provide access to all areas of a site, improve observations and the freedom to move around.
��	There are four general roles: complete observer, observer as participant, participant as observer, and complete participant.
Junker 指出四種觀察角色：
1. 完全的參與者 (complete participant)
2. 觀察的參與者 (participant as observer)
3. 參與的觀察者 (observer as participant)
4. 完全的觀察者
            參與 －－－－－－ 觀察
Adler & Adler  建議三種角色
��	外圍成員關係 peripheral membership
��	主動成員關係 active
��	完全成員關係 complete

二、學習攀繩 Learning the Ropes

��	Fieldwork can be stressful, so researchers should normalize the situation by helping members to redefine the situation so that they can view the research as normal and predictable. 社會研究正常化
��	A researcher is in the field to learn. It is ok to be acceptably incompetent—to be someone who is knowledgeable but needs to be taught about the setting. 
   可接受的無能

三、維持關係 Maintaining Relations

��	發展社會關係＊
��	舉手之勞
��	田野中的衝突：中立的課題
��	表面上的興趣 appearance of interest
��	社會障礙 breakdowns：預期或未預期
                                                                              發展社會關係
��	研究者被認為基本上是個好人
��	研究者顯示接受或同理研究對象的觀點或立場
��	縮短雙方的社會距離
��	互惠也有幫助

伍、觀察與蒐集資料

一、觀察及傾聽  Watching and Listening

��	A field researcher carefully scrutinizes the physical setting and learns to see meaning in trivial, mundane, everyday minutia.
��	A field researcher listens carefully to phrases, accents, and grammar, hearing both what is said and how it is said or implied.
��	Argot 行話 are words and phrases that have special local meaning.

二、田野筆記 Taking Notes

田野筆記的種類
��	隨手寫的筆記 Jotted notes 
    are notes written on the fly in the field using temporary reminders of what is happening as it unfolds.
��	直接觀察筆記 Direct observation notes 
    are notes recorded immediately after leaving the field; these notes are chronologically ordered by date, time, and place for each entry.
��	推論筆記 Researcher inference notes
   are notes kept in a separate section so that the special meanings of the inferences are kept apart.
��	分析性筆記 Analytic notes
   are decisions about how to proceed, often based on theoretical attempts to give meaning to what is observed.
��	私人筆記 Personal notes are feelings and emotional reactions that color what a researcher sees or hears.

三、資料品質 Data Quality

信度
��	Internal consistency  內在一致性
  are the data plausible give all that is known about a person or event, eliminating common forms of deception?
��	External consistency 外在一致性
  have data been verified or cross checked with other, divergent sources?
��	錯誤的資訊、循詞、掩護
效度
��	生態與成員效度  Ecological and member validity 
   to what degree does the social world described by the social work researcher match that of members.
��	勝任的圈內人表現 Competent insider performance  
  to what extent can the social work researcher interact as a member or pass as a member.

四、聚焦及取樣 Focusing and Sampling

��	聚焦
��	抽樣
陸、田野研究訪談

一、田野訪談 The Field Interview

��	Typically the beginning and end are not clear … the conversation can be picked up later.
��	The questioning and question order can be rearranged.
��	An interviewer shows interest, encourages elaboration.
��	It should be a friendly conversation.
��	It can occur in group or individual settings.
��	It can be interspersed with jokes, asides.
��	It should be open ended with many probes.
��	The pace is controlled by all participants.
��	The social context is critical and recorded by researcher.
��	An interviewer adjusts to member norms and language.

二、生活史 Life of History

生活史：對特定的個人生活、組織、事件，做全面或部分的厚實描述（thick description）如錄下與研究對象的漫長對話，瞭解其生命歷史

三、田野訪談中的問題類型 Types of Questions in Field Interview

��	描述性問題
��	結構式問題
��	對照性問題
四、 通報者 Informants 

通報者應具備之特質
��	A key actor who is a member who tells about and informs the researcher.
��	Good informants are familiar with the subculture, engage in daily routines of setting, and can spend time and energy to assist the researcher.
��	Good informants are familiar with local culture, they know and use and can talk about folk theory and pragmatic common sense in context.

柒、離開田野 Leaving the Field
��	淡出

捌、田野研究的倫理困境 
Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research

��	Deception 欺瞞 – a field researcher may want to be covert, assuming a false name or identify, causing an ethical dilemma. 
��	Confidentiality 保密 – field researchers learn intimate knowledge, ethical dilemmas occur then notes hide identities and real names must be disguised.
��	subcultures 次文化 – building trust in the field may lead to knowledge of illegal or illicit activity, sometimes called ‘guilty knowledge,’ and this can cause ethical dilemmas.
��	有權力者 The Powerful
可信度的階層 hierarchy of credibility
研究社會中弱勢者或組織內低階者常被視為是一種偏差，有權勢者常被視為是可靠的
研究者可能忽略有權力者遭致批評；或被批評為較偏向無權力者

田野方法的評估（優點）
��	 注意言語及非言語行為 
��	 觀察多為貫時性，可看現象的變化 
��	 提供較深層及富洞察力的資料 
��	 可研究其他方法無法觸及的團體與行為 
��	 進行觀察的常是研究者本人 
限制
��	觀察者偏差
��	觀察者過度認同研究對象    
��	複製困難
��	很難量化      
��	隱藏身份的倫理課題
��	對觀察情境中的變數無法有所控制    
��	常侷限於觀察小團體或一個場合