The Consonants of English

1. How to pronounce “skin, whispered, and started”? (p. 50)

2. If the /b/ and /p/ in “nab” and “nap” do not vary much in pronunciation, how do we tell the difference between the two words? (From the length of the vowels) (p. 51)

3. What does the sign/diacritic [|] mean? For example: act [Qk|t](p. 51)

4. What is “glottal stop” or [/]? (p. 52) How to pronounce “beaten, kitten, fatten” in American English? (p. 53) Can you apply the glottal stops on this page?

5. What is “nasal plosion” ? (p. 53)

6. What is “homorganic”? (p. 54)

7. What is “lateral plosion”? Can you pronounce “middle, little”? (pp. 55)

8. What is [R] and when does this happen? (p. 55) (flap or tap)

9. What are “anticipatory coarticulation” and “perseverative coarticulation”? (p. 56, p.292; p.295)

10. What is “target positions”? (p. 56) (p. 57) (p. 59) “back” and “cab”

11. What is “palatorgraphy”? (p. 60)

12. What are “approximants”? (pp. 64-65)